Controlling Activation of Electronic Circuitry of Data Ports of a Communication System

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method of controlling activation of electronic circuitry of data ports of a communication system is disclosed. One method includes a first data port detecting a lack of data for transmission to a second data port. At least one of the first data port and a second data port deactivate electronic circuitry of at least one of the first and second data ports upon detection of the lack of data. The first and second data ports maintain synchronization with each other while the electronic circuitry is deactivated by periodically exchanging synchronization test patterns. At least one of the first data port and the second data port transmit an alert to the other of the first and second data port when data for communication is detected. The other of the first data port and the second data port activate electronic circuitry upon receiving the alert. At least one of the first data port and the second data port transmit data.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/290,181 filed Oct. 28, 2008, titled “CONTROLLING ACTIVATIONOF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY OF DATA PORTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to communication systems. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to controlling activation ofelectronic circuitry of data ports of a communication system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

High-speed LAN technologies using copper cables include 10BASE-T,100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet), and 10GBASE-T. These high-speed LAN technologies include link partnertransceivers that can communicate, for example, over a bi-directionaltransmission channel. An exemplary transmission channel includes fourpairs of copper wire.

Proper operation of the Ethernet link partner transceivers requires themto be synchronized. Synchronization can be obtained by one link partnerphase-locking a clock to data signals transmitted by the other linkpartner. The transmitter and receiver processing of the transceiver linkpartners are clocked by the phase-locked clock.

In order to maintain synchronization, and to minimize latency of datatransmission between the link partners, the transmitting and receivinglink partners of 10BASE-T systems maintain full operational power evenwhen no data transmission is occurring. However, continually maintainingfull operation of the transceiver link partners consumes significantamounts of power, typically, the majority of the power consumptionrequired to maintain the link between the transceiver link partners.

It is desirable to have a system, apparatus and method of reducing thepower dissipated by electrically connected transceivers withoutsubstantially impacting the operating performance of the transceivers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment includes a method of controlling activation of electroniccircuitry of data ports of a communication system. The method includes afirst data port detecting a lack of data for transmission to a seconddata port. At least one of the first data port and a second data portdeactivate electronic circuitry of at least one of the first and seconddata ports upon detection of the lack of data. The first and second dataports maintain synchronization with each other while a majority of theelectronic circuitry is deactivated. At least one of the first data portand the second data port transmit an alert to the other of the first andsecond data port when data for communication is detected. The other ofthe first data port and the second data port activate electroniccircuitry upon receiving the alert. At least one of the first data portand the second data port transmit data.

Another embodiment includes a method of controlling activation ofelectronic circuitry of a data port of a communication system. Themethod includes the data port detecting a lack of data for transmissionto a second data port. If a lack of data communication is detected, thedata port deactivates electronic circuitry of the data port. The dataport and a second data port maintain synchronization with each otherwhile the electronic circuitry is deactivated by periodically exchangingsynchronization test patterns. The data port transmits an alert to thesecond data port when data for communication is detected. The data portthen transmits data.

Other aspects and advantages of the described embodiments will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example theprinciples of the described embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows one example of a first transceiver and a second transceiverconnected by a cable that can maintain synchronization between thetransceivers, and minimize power dissipation of the transceivers whileminimally impacting data transmission latency of data transmittedbetween the transceivers.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing steps of one example of a method ofcontrolling activation of electronic circuitry of data ports of acommunication system.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary alert that includes a series of symbols thatinclude desirable signal properties.

FIG. 4A shows a timeline depicting the states active, de-active of themajority of the electronic circuitry.

FIG. 4B is a time-line showing an example of interaction andcommunication of signals between data ports of a communication system.

FIG. 5 shows a timeline that depicts an example a received signal thathas been correlated with a predetermined alert signal.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing steps of an example of a method ofcontrolling activation of electronic circuitry of data ports of a 10GEthernet system.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing steps of method of controlling activationof electronic circuitry of a data port of a communication system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The describe embodiments includes an apparatus and method for reducingpower dissipation of operating connected data ports while minimallyimpacting latency of data communication between data ports.

It is to be appreciated that the present teaching is by way of example,not by limitation. Therefore, although the embodiments described hereinare for convenience of explanation, it is to be appreciated that theprinciples herein may be applied equally to other configurations ofpower conservation of communications between link partner transceivers.

FIG. 1 shows one example of a first transceiver 100 and a secondtransceiver 110 connected by a cable 130. According to describedembodiments, the transceivers 100, 110 maintain synchronization betweenthe transceivers 100, 110, and minimize power dissipation of thetransceivers 100, 110 while minimally impacting data transmissionlatency of data transmitted between the transceivers 100, 110.

As shown, the exemplary cable 130 includes four “lanes” 122, 124, 126,128. Data ports of the transceivers 100, 110 are electrically connectedthough wire connections of the lanes 122, 124, 126, 128. As shown, eachof the transceivers 100, 110 includes four separate front-end portionsand joint logic portion.

The embodiment of FIG. 1 includes the first connection 122 between afirst transceiver (first transmitter 115 a and first receiver 125 a),and a second transceiver (second transmitter 115 b and a second receiver125 b). The second connection 124 is between a third transceiver (thirdtransmitter 135 a and third receiver 145 a), and a transceiver (fourthtransmitter 135 b and a fourth receiver 145 b). The third connection 126is between a fifth transceiver (fifth transmitter 155 a and fifthreceiver 165 a), and a sixth transceiver (sixth transmitter 155 b and asixth receiver 165 b). The fourth connection 128 is between a seventhtransceiver (seventh transmitter 175 a and seventh receiver 185 a), andan eighth transceiver (eighth transmitter 175 b and an eighth receiver185 b). This embodiment additionally includes hybrid circuits 130 a, 140b, 132 a, 142 b, 134 a, 144 b, 136 a, 146 b between the transmitters andreceivers.

The transceivers 100, 110 include processing (controllers 112, 114) thatcontrol data path configurations of the transceivers 100, 110. When datatransmission has at least temporarily ceased, the transceivers 100, 110deactivate selected portions of electronic circuitry, allowing thetransceivers 100, 110 to operate at lower power consumption levels.During the periods of deactivated electronic circuitry, the transceivers100, 110 maintain synchronization with each other by periodicallyactivating selected portions of the electronic circuitry for updatingparameters, and exchanging synchronization patterns. The deactivatedcircuitry is selectable, but generally, at least timing circuitry of thetransceivers 100, 110 is activated when synchronization patterns areexchanged between transceivers 100, 110.

White de-activated, a transceiver detecting the data for communicationtransmits an alert signal to the other transceiver (link partner). Thealert signal prompts the other transceiver to reactivate its electroniccircuitry. After reactivating electronic circuitry, and after a wake upperiod, the transceivers restart data transmission. If timing of thealert signal and wake up are properly controlled, the impact on thenetwork throughput (data throughput between the transceivers 100, 110)due to deactivation of the electronic circuitry can be minimized. Thewake up period is a period of time in which the electronic circuitryreactivates, and signal processing (such as re-establishing signalprocessing coefficients of equalizers and echo cancellers) is updated.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing steps of one example of a method ofcontrolling activation of electronic circuitry of data ports of acommunication system. A first step 210 includes a first data portdetecting a lack of data for transmission to a second data port. Asecond step 220 includes at least one of the first data port and asecond data port deactivating electronic circuitry of at least one ofthe first and second data ports. Deactivation typically includes a sleepperiod in which, for example, link partners synchronously deactivateportions of the receive/transmit circuitry. A third step 230 includesthe first and second data ports maintaining synchronization with eachother while the electronic circuitry is deactivated by periodicallyexchanging synchronization test patterns. To allow the exchange ofsynchronization test patterns, select electronic circuitry (such as,timing circuits) can be activated as determined by a predetermined ornegotiated schedule. A fourth step 240 includes at least one of thefirst data port and the second data port transmitting an alert to theother of the first and second data port when data for communication isdetected. A fifth step 250 includes the other of the first data port andthe second data port activating electronic circuitry upon receiving thealert. A sixth step 260 includes at least one of the first data port andthe second data port transmitting data.

The timing circuits can include, for example, master/slave clockingcircuitry. For a link partner pair, one of the transceivers can bedesignated as a master, and the other transceiver can be designated as aslave. For an embodiment, the master clocking circuitry of the mastertransceiver uses a common reference clock for receive and transmitcircuitry, whereas slave circuitry of the slave transceiver typicallyincludes a phase-locked loop for synchronizing to a master clock ofmaster transceiver.

Synchronization between master and slave transceivers is generallyrequired to ensure reliable initialization between the master and slavelink partners. Current status information of a link partner allows for areliable prediction of next stage and/or action by the link partner insome embodiments, the slave transceiver provides the master transceiverwith slave clock signal information, allowing the master transceiver toadapt its processing.

For an embodiment, data communication between the first data port andthe second data port includes a plurality wired connections connected tothe first data port and the second data port, and the alert istransmitted over a subset of the plurality of wired connections. Forexample, a 10GBASE-T Ethernet data port typically includes four wireconnections. The alert can be transmitted, for example, over one of thefour wire connections.

Another embodiment further includes designating predetermined timeslots, wherein an alert is only transmitted during at least one of thepredetermined time slots. Embodiments include alerts only beingtransmitted during the designated time slots. However, many time slotscan be designated. Alerts are only transmitted during at least one ofthe predetermined time slots when the transceiver determines data isready for transmission. The transceiver receiving the alert onlyactivates its electronic circuitry when receiving an alert from a linkpartner transceiver.

A time period between the predetermined time slots can be adaptivelyselected. The time period can be adaptively selected based on, forexample, a buffer size of at least one of the first data port and thesecond data port. The more frequently the time slots occur, generally(assuming some other limit to the latency is not present) the less thelatency required to activate the electronic circuitry needed fortransmission. As will be described later, as the period between timeslots decreases, the more frequently alerts are allowed to betransmitted, and therefore, the latency decreased. If the period betweentime slots is decreased to zero, then there are not time constraints onwhen an alert can be transmitted.

Different protocols can have different latency requirements. That is,for example, 10BASE-T will typically have a different latencyrequirement than 100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet). As previously described, thelatency requirements can dictate to some extent, limits to the timeperiod between the predetermined time slots.

A time-duration of the predetermined time slots can be adaptivelyselected based on, for example, required operational speeds of, forexample, 100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet), and10GBASE-T protocols. Other considerations include, for example, targetvalues for false alarms detection or/and misdetection of the alertsignal.

If an alert is transmitted in one direction between link partnertransceivers and data communication is being received in the oppositedirection, the alert signal can be subjected to large amounts ofinterference. As such, embodiments include defining the alert signal tohave a high-autocorrelation feature.

An embodiment includes the signal formats of the alert signals ofdifferent transceivers being selected to have low cross-correlationbetween each other. This can be useful, for example, if two transceiverssimultaneously transmit alert signals during a quiet period in which thetransceivers have deactivated electronic circuitry. The deactivatedcircuitry can include echo cancellation circuitry. Therefore, an alertsignal transmitted by a transceiver may have a large echo signal due tothe fact that the echo cancellation circuitry is deactivated. However,the transceiver can determine that the echo signal of the alert signalis not an alert signal of another transceiver because the signal formatsof the different transceivers have low cross-correlation. That is, thetransceiver can readily detect whether a received alert is an echo ofits own alert signal, or an alert signal of another transceiver based onthe degree of correlation between its own alert signal and the receivedsignal.

Another embodiment includes the alert signal being transmitted ondifferent pairs of the communication cable by link partners. Aspreviously described, the cable between link partners can include fourtwisted pair connections. During an Auto-Negotiation stage two linkpartners can determine their roles as master and slave transceivers.That is, one of the transceivers is designated as the master, and theother transceiver is designated as the slave. Each link partner (masterand slave) sends the alert signal on predetermined (different) pair ofwires (lanes). For example, the master can sends its alert signal on afirst lane A and the slave can sends its alert on another lane C. Thiscan be useful, for example, if two transceivers simultaneously transmitalert signals during a quiet period in which the transceivers havedeactivated electronic circuitry. The deactivated circuitry can includeecho cancellation circuitry. Therefore, an alert signal transmitted by atransceiver may have a large echo signal due to the fact that the echocancellation circuitry is deactivated. However, the transceiver candetermine that the echo signal of the alert signal is not an alertsignal of another transceiver transmits alert on different lane (wiredpair or channel).

Embodiments include configuring the alert to include ahigh-autocorrelation signal that ensures the desired level ofautocorrelation of the alert. This can be accomplished by selecting asignal format of the alert. For an embodiment the alert signal isselected to have an autocorrelation signal level at least apredetermined amount greater than a received noise level (the receivednoise can include thermal noise and echo signals). The alert signallevel and the echo signal interference can be measured, for example, ata receiving port of the alert signal.

An embodiment includes configuring the alert to have a baud rate lessthan a baud rate of the data transmission. Typically the insertion lossof, for example, the copper wire links between the link partnersincreases with frequency. Therefore, higher frequency signals suffergreater insertion loss when transmitted over the wired link. Byselecting a lower baud rate for the alerts, the alert signals typicallysuffer less insertion loss when transmitted across the link between linkpartners. Therefore, detection of alert signals is generally moreeffective because alert signals suffer less attenuation when travelingacross the link between link partner transceivers.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary alert signal that includes a series of symbolsthat include desirable signal properties. The desirable signalproperties include, for example, low bandwidth (low frequencycomponents), high auto-correlation, and low cross-correlation with otheralert signals. The exemplary alert signal of FIG. 3 includes a series ofsymbols A₁={a₀ through a_(127}). An embodiment includes a link partnerhaving an alert symbol that includes the series of symbols in reverserorder. That is, the link partner includes an alert signal of the seriesof symbols ordered from A₂={a₁₂₇ through a₀}.

FIG. 4A is a time-line showing an example of interaction andcommunication of signals between data ports of a communication system.The time-line begins with the electronic circuitry of one or both of thedata ports being deactivated. The time-line includes a series of refreshsignals (Tr is the period of each alert signal) that includesynchronization test signals that allow the data ports to maintainsynchronization. As previously described, transmission and reception ofthe refresh signals requires the activation of at least some (forexample, timing circuits), but not all, of the electronic circuitry.

The synchronization signals can include, for example, a series of idlesymbols that have been properly encoded according to a selectedprotocol. The selected protocol can be, for example, 100BASE-T (FastEthernet), 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet), or 10GBASE-T.

A period of time between refresh signals can be designated as a quietperiod Tq. During the quiet period, minimal electronic circuitry isactivated, allowing reduction in power consumption of the electroniccircuitry of the transceivers. The quiet period Tq can be selected to belarge enough to allow the electronic circuitry to be successfullypowered down (deactivated) and the subsequently powered up (activated).When fully powered down, the electronic circuitry conducts virtually nocurrent, resulting is reduced power consumption.

The reduced power consumption P_(LP) (low power) of the transceivers canbe approximated as:

P_(LP)=(P_(Nominal))×(Tr/Tq)+Pq, where P_(Nominal) is the powerconsumption of the transceiver during normal active operation, and Pq isthe power (very small) of the transceiver when the electronic circuitryis deactivated (quiet).

As can be observed, the ratio of Tr to Tq should be as small aspossible. Tq is generally limited by clock drifts between twotransceivers. Tr is generally limited by a minimum number of symbolsrequired for processing engines adaptation. The processing enginesadaptation can include, for example, timing and adaptation of filtering,circuits.

When a data port senses that the data port has data for transmission tothe other data port, the data port transmits an alert signal to theother data port. Upon receiving the alert signal, the other data portinitiates a “wake up” period in which the deactivated electroniccircuitry is reactivated. This can include, for example, activatingdecoders and near-end noise cancellers. When the electronic circuitry isfully activated, data between the data port begins.

FIG. 4A shows a timeline depicting the states (active, de-active) of themajority of the electronic circuitry. More specifically, the timelineshows a time period 310 in which the electronic circuitry is active, atime period 320 referred to as sleep in which the electronic circuitryis in process of being dc-activated, and time periods 330 in which themajority of the electronic circuitry is de-activated. The previouslyshown and described refresh periods 340 occur while the majority of theelectronic circuitry is dc-active. An alert signal 350 prompts a wake upperiod 360. Following the wake up period 360 is another active region370, in which the electronic circuitry is again active.

FIG. 4B also shows alert signal slots T_(A) in which alert signal can betransmitted. Also depicted is an alert signal period T_(AP) betweenalert signal slots. Generally, the more frequently the alert signalslots occur, the lower the latency of the reactivation of the electroniccircuitry required for data transmission. As previously described, ifT_(AP) is zero, then the alert signals can occur at any time. For lowlatency. T_(AP) is substantially less than Tq. Note that the alertsignal slots T_(A) are slot in which an alert signal can occur if datais ready for transmission. That is, an alert signal does not occurduring each of the alert signal slots T_(A).

FIG. 5 shows a timeline that depicts an example a received signal thathas been correlated with a predetermined alert signal. The time lineshows several instances in which an alert signal has been received anddetected. A correlator receives a receive signal and correlates with apredetermined alert signal. When an alert signal is the receive signal,the correlator generates a peak in its output signal. The greater theamplitude of the output of the correlator, the more tightly the receivesignal correlates with the predetermined alert signal, and therefore,indicating the reception of an alert signal.

As previously described, an embodiment includes the signal patterns ofalert signals of different transceivers being different. Therefore, atransceiver can differentiate its own alert signal from alert signals ofother transceiver link partners.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing steps of an example of a method ofcontrolling activation of electronic circuitry of data ports of a 10GEthernet system. A first step 610 includes a first data port detecting alack of data. A second step 620 includes at least one of the first dataport and a second data port deactivating electronic circuitry of atleast one of the first and second data ports. A third step 630 includesthe first and second data ports maintaining synchronization with eachother while the electronic circuitry is deactivated by periodicallyexchanging synchronization test patterns. A fourth step 640 includes atleast one of the first data port and the second data port transmittingan alert to the other of the first and second data port when data forcommunication is detected. A fifth step 650 includes the other of thefirst data port and the second data port activating electronic circuitryupon receiving the alert. A sixth step 660 includes the first data portand the second data port exchanging data.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing steps of method of controlling activationof electronic circuitry of a data port of a communication system. Afirst step 710 includes the data port detecting a lack of data fortransmission to a second data port. A second step 720 includes the dataport deactivating electronic circuitry of the data port if a lack ofdata is detected. A third step 730 includes the data port and a seconddata port maintaining synchronization with each other while theelectronic circuitry is deactivated by periodically exchangingsynchronization test patterns. A fourth step 740 includes the data porttransmitting an alert to the second data port when data forcommunication is detected. A fifth step 750 includes the data porttransmitting data.

As previously described, the majority of electronic circuitry of thetransceivers can be deactivated during the sleep period (period in whichdata is not available or present for transmission). The electroniccircuitry can include, but is not limited to, Echo cancellers, NEXT(near-end cross-talk cancellers, FEXT (far-end cross-talk) cancellers,DFE (decision feedback equalizer) or FEE (feed forward equalizer), andError-Correction Encoders and Decoders. Also as previously described, atleast some circuitry is activated during the refresh periods. Forexample, timing circuitry can be activated to allow synchronizationsignals to be transmitted between the transceivers to enable thetransceivers to maintain synchronization.

Although specific embodiments have been described and illustrated, thedescribed embodiments not to be limited to the specific forms orarrangements of parts so described and illustrated. The embodiments arelimited only by the appended claims.

1. A method of controlling activation of electronic circuitry of dataports of a communication system, comprising: at least one of a firstdata port and a second data port deactivating electronic circuitry of atleast one of the first and second data ports; the first and second dataports maintaining synchronization with each other while the electroniccircuitry is deactivated by periodically exchanging synchronization testpatterns; at least one of the first data port and the second data porttransmitting an alert to the other of the first and second data portwhen data for communication is detected; the other of the first dataport and the second data port activating electronic circuitry uponreceiving the alert; at least one of the first data port and the seconddata port transmitting data; wherein data communication between thefirst data port and the second data port includes a plurality wiredconnections connected to the first data port and the second data port,and the alert is transmitted over a subset of the plurality of wiredconnections, wherein the alert is configured to have a baud rate lessthan a baud rate of the data.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: designating predetermined time slots; transmitting the alertduring at least one of the predetermined time slots.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, further comprising adaptively selecting a time period betweenthe predetermined time slots.
 4. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising adaptively selecting a time-duration of each of thepredetermined time slots.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein thetime-duration of the predetermined time slots is adaptively selectedbased on a desired latency of data transmission.
 6. The method of claim2, further comprising adaptively selecting a time-duration of thealerts.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: configuring thealert to comprise a high-autocorrelation signal.
 8. The method of claim7, wherein configuring the alert to comprise a high-autocorrelationsignal comprises selecting a pre-selected signal format.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first alert signal is uncorrelated with secondalert signal.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first alert signalcomprises a series of symbols, and the second alert signal comprises theseries of symbols in a reverse order.
 11. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising a master transceiver data port transmitting alert signals ona first wired connection and a slave transceiver data port transmittingalert signals on a second wired connection.
 12. A method of controllingactivation of electronic circuitry of data ports of a 10G Ethernetsystem, comprising: at least one of the first data port and a seconddata port deactivating electronic circuitry of at least one of the firstand second data ports; the first and second data ports maintainingsynchronization with each other while the electronic circuitry isdeactivated by periodically exchanging synchronization test patterns; atleast one of the first data port and the second data port transmittingan alert to the other of the first and second data port when data forcommunication is detected; the other of the first data port and thesecond data port activating electronic circuitry upon receiving thealert; the first data port and the second data port exchanging data;wherein data communication between the first data port and the seconddata port includes a plurality wired connections connected to the firstdata port and the second data port, and the alert is transmitted over asubset of the plurality of wired connections, further comprisingselecting a first alert signal for a master transceiver data port, andselecting a second alert signal for a slave transceiver data port,wherein the first alert signal comprises a series of symbols, and thesecond alert signal comprises the series of symbols in a reverse order.13. A data port, comprising means for communicating with a second dataport of a communication system, means for deactivating electroniccircuitry of the data port if a lack of data is detected; means for thedata port to maintain synchronization with the second data port whilethe electronic circuitry is deactivated by periodically exchangingsynchronization test patterns; means for the data port transmitting analert to the second data port when data for communication is detected;wherein data communication between the data port and the second dataport includes a plurality wired connections connected to the data portand the second data port, and the alert is transmitted over a subset ofthe plurality of wired connections, further comprising means forselecting a first alert signal for a master transceiver data port, andselecting a second alert signal for a slave transceiver data port,wherein the first alert signal comprises a series of symbols, and thesecond alert signal comprises the series of symbols in a reverse order.14. The data port of claim 13, further comprising: means for designatingpredetermined time slots; means for transmitting the alert during atleast one of the predetermined time slots.
 15. The data port of claim14, further comprising adaptively selecting a time period between thepredetermined time slots.
 16. The data port of claim 14, furthercomprising adaptively selecting a time-duration of each of thepredetermined time slots.
 17. The data port of claim 16, wherein thetime-duration of the predetermined time slots is adaptively selectedbased on a desired latency of data transmission.
 18. The data port ofclaim 13, further comprising: configuring the alert to comprise ahigh-autocorrelation signal.
 19. The data port of claim 18, whereinconfiguring the alert to comprise a high-autocorrelation signalcomprises selecting a pre-selected signal format.